This paper is only available as a PDF. To read, Please Download here.
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Journal of Cardiac FailureAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- 1998 Heart and Stroke Statistical Update.in: American Heart Association, Dallas, TX1997
- The epidemiology of heart failure: the Framingham Study.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993; 22 (suppl): 6A-13A
- Heart failure: a growing public health problem.J Intern Med. 1995; 237: 135-141
- Evolving trends in the epidemiologic factors of heart failure: rationale for preventive strategies and comprehensive disease management.Am Heart J. 1997; 133: 703-712
- Trends in hospitalization rates for heart failure in the United States, 1973–1986: evidence for increasing population prevalence.Arch Intern Med. 1990; 150: 769-773
- National hospital discharge survey: annual summary, 1993.in: 8th edition. Vital and Health Statistics, Series 13: data from National Health Survey. 121. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC1995: 1-63
- Cerebrovascular disease mortality and Medicare hospitalization-United States, 1980–1990.MMWR. 1992; 41: 477-480
- Clinical definition of advanced heart failure.Am Heart J. 1998; 135: S204-S215
- Economic impact of heart failure in the United States: time for a different approach.J Heart Lung Transplant. 1994; 13: S107-S112
- How should physicians view heart failure?.in: The philosophical and physiological evolution of three conceptual models of the disease. 8th edition. Am J Cardiol. 71. 1993: 3C-11C (suppl)
- Vasodilator therapy for heart failure: the influence of impedance on left ventricular performance.Circulation. 1973; 48: 5-8
- The neurohormonal axis in congestive heart failure.Ann Intern Med. 1984; 101: 370-377
- The neurohormonal hypothesis: a theory to explain the mechanism of disease progression in heart failure.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992; 20: 248-254
- Ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction: experimental observations and clinical implications.Circulation. 1990; 81: 1161-1172
- Structural basis for heart failure: ventricular remodeling and its pharmacologic inhibition.Circulation. 1995; 91: 2504-2507
- Medical therapy can improve the biological properties of the chronically failing heart: a new era in the treatment of heart failure.Circulation. 1996; 94: 2285-2296
- Chronic heart failure in the United States: a manifestation of coronary artery disease.Circulation. 1998; 97: 282-289
- Heart failure: evaluation and care of patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction.Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, US Dept. of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD1994
- Guidelines for the evaluation and management of heart failure.Circulation. 1995; 92: 2764-2784
- The treatment of heart failure.Eur Heart J. 1997; 18: 736-753
- Consensus recommendations for the management of chronic heart failure.Am J Cardiol. 1999; 83 (suppl): 1A-38A
- Practical guidelines for initiation of beta-adrenergic blockade in patients with chronic heart failure.Am J Cardiol. 1997; 79: 794-798
- Rationale for treatment of patients with chronic heart failure with adrenergic blockade.JAMA. 1995; 274: 1462-1467
- Prolongation of survival in congestive cardiomyopathy by beta-receptor blockade.in: Beneficial effects of metoprolol in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. 8th edition. Lancet. 1. 1979: 374-376
- Clinical effects of beta-adrenergic blockade in chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis of double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trials.Circulation. 1998; 98: 1184-1191
- Effect of beta-blockade on mortality in patients with heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997; 30: 27-34
- The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure.N Engl J Med. 1996; 334: 1349-1355
- The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomized trial of beta-blockade in heart failure.Lancet. 1999; 353: 9-13
- Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: metoprolol CR/XL randomized intervention trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF).Lancet. 1999; 353: 2001-2007
- Beneficial effects of metoprolol in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.Lancet. 1993; 342: 1441-1446
- Rationale, design, and organization of the Metoprolol CR/XL Randomized Intervention Trial in Heart Failure (MERIT-HF).Am J Cardiol. 1997; 80 (suppl): 54J-58J
- A randomized trial of beta-blockade in heart failure: the Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study (CIBIS).Circulation. 1994; 90: 1765-1773
- Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of carvedilol in patients with moderate to severe heart failure.in: The PRECISE Trial. 8th edition. Circulation. 94. 1996: 2793-2799
- Carvedilol produces dose-related improvements in left ventricular function and survival in subjects with chronic heart failure.Circulation. 1996; 94: 2807-2816
- Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of carvedilol in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischaemic heart disease.Lancet. 1997; 349: 375-380
- Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development on heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions.N Engl J Med. 1992; 327: 685-691
- Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the long-term efficacy of carvedilol in patients with severe chronic heart failure.Circulation. 1995; 92: 1499-1506
- Safety and efficacy of carvedilol in severe heart failure.J Card Fail. 1997; 3 (The U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group): 173-179
- Long-term beta-blockade in dilated cardiomyopathy: effects of short-term and long-term metoprolol followed by withdrawal and readministration of metoprolol.Circulation. 1989; 80: 551-563
- Can beta-blocker therapy be withdrawn form patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.Am Heart J. 1999; 137: 456-459
- Beyond drug therapy: non-pharmacologic care of the patient with advanced heart failure.Am Heart J. 1998; 135 (suppl): S264-S284
- The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure.N Engl J Med. 1997; 336: 525-533
- Randomized study assessing the effect of digoxin withdrawal in patients with mild to moderate chronic congestive heart failure: results of the PROVED trial.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993; 22: 955-962
- Withdrawal of digoxin from patients with chronic heart failure treated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.N Engl J Med. 1993; 329: 1-7
- Superiority of “triple” drug therapy in heart failure: insights from the PROVED and RADIANCE trials.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 32: 686-692
- Clinical benefits of low serum digoxin concentrations in heart failure.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999; 33 (abstract): 185A
- Digitalis investigation group (DIG) trial: a stimulus for further research.Am Heart J. 1997; 134: 3-12
- Lanoxin: Package Insert.Glaxo Wellcome, Inc, Research Triangle Park, NC1997
- Digoxin: a neurohormonal modulator in heart failure?.Circulation. 1991; 84: 2181-2186
- Sympathoinhibitory responses to digitalis glycosides in heart failure patients: direct evidence from sympathetic neural recordings.Circulation. 1989; 80: 65-77
- Effect of long-term digoxin therapy on autonomic function in patients with chronic heart failure.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995; 25: 289-294
- Patients with mild heart failure worsen during withdrawal from digoxin therapy.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997; 30: 42-48
- Comparative effects of therapy with captopril and digoxin in patients with mild to moderate heart failure.JAMA. 1988; 259: 539-544
- A comparison of oral milrinone, digoxin, and their combination in the treatment of patients with chronic heart failure.N Engl J Med. 1989; 320: 677-683
- Effects of increasing maintenance dose of digoxin on left ventricular function and neurohormones in patients with chronic heart failure treated with diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.Circulation. 1995; 92: 1801-1817
- Digoxin reduces cardiac sympathetic activity in severe congestive heart failure.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 28: 155-161
- Does digoxin provide additional hemodynamic and autonomic benefit at higher doses in patients with mild to moderate heart failure and normal sinus rhythm?.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997; 29: 1206-1213
- Optimal heart rate control for patients with chronic atrial fibrillation: are pharmacologic choices truly changing?.Am Heart J. 1992; 123: 1401-1403
- Relationship between hemostatic abnormalities and neuroendocrine activity in heart failure.Am Heart J. 1994; 127: 607-612
- Platelet function, thrombin and fibrinolytic activation in patients with heart failure.Eur Heart J. 1993; 14: 205-212
- The coagulation system is activated in idiopathic cardiomyopathy.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995; 25: 1634-1640
- The natural history of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.Am J Cardiol. 1981; 47: 525-530
- Incidence of thromboembolic events in congestive heart failure.Circulation. 1993; 87: VI-94–101
- Lack of correlation between intracavitary thrombosis detected by cross-sectional echocardiography and systemic emboli in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.Br Heart J. 1989; 62: 26-29
- Prevention of arterial pulmonary embolism by oral anticoagulants in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.Thromb Haemost. 1985; 54: 521-523
- Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation.Chest. 1998; 114 (suppl): 579S-589S
- Risk of arterial embolization in 224 patients awaiting cardiac transplantation.Am Heart J. 1995; 129: 564-570
- Ventricular dysfunction predicts stroke following myocardial infarction.N Engl J Med. 1997; 336: 251-257
- Ejection fraction and risk of thromboembolic events in patients with systolic dysfunction and sinus rhythm: evidence for gender differences in the studies of left ventricular dysfunction trials.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997; 29: 1074-1080
- Warfarin anticoagulation and survival: a cohort analysis from the studies of left ventricular dysfunction.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 31: 749-753
- The effect of warfarin on mortality and reinfarction after myocardial infarction.N Engl J Med. 1990; 323: 147-152
- Aspirin, sulfinpyrazone, or both in unstable angina.N Engl J Med. 1985; 313: 1369-1375
- Aspirin, heparin and fibrinolytic therapy in suspected acute myocardial infarction.N Engl J Med. 1997; 336: 847-860
- Randomized trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2.Lancet. 1988; 2: 349-360
- Collaborative overview of randomized trials of antiplatelet therapy-I.in: Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. 8th edition. BMJ. 308. 1994: 81-106
- Antiplatelet agents and survival: a cohort analysis from the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) trial.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 31: 419-425
- Interaction between enalapril and aspirin on mortality after acute myocardial infarction: subgroup analysis of the Cooperative New Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study II (CONSENSUS II).Am J Cardiol. 1997; 79: 115-119
- Evidence for an adverse interaction between ACE inhibitors and aspirin following myocardial infarction: the GUSTO-I Trial.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 31 (Abstract): 96A
- Aspirin and mortality in patients treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999; 33: 1920-1925
- Does aspirin interfere with the therapeutic efficacy of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in hypertension or congestive heart failure?.Pharmacotherapy. 1998; 18: 1041-1052
- Counteraction of the vasodilator effects of enalapril by aspirin in severe heart failure.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992; 20: 1549-1555
- Effects of aspirin on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and left ventricular dilation one year after acute myocardial infarction.Am J Cardiol. 1998; 81: 1178-1181
- The antiplatelet effects of ticlopidine and clopidogrel.Ann Intern Med. 1998; 129: 394-405
- A randomized, blinded trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events.Lancet. 1996; 348: 1329-1339
- Acute hemodynamic interaction of aspirin and ticlopidine with enalapril: results of a double-blind, randomized comparative trial.Circulation. 1998; 98: 757-765
- Overview of angiotensin II receptor antagonists.Am J Cardiol. 1998; 82 (suppl): 47S-49S
- Losartan in heart failure: hemodynamic effects and tolerability.Circulation. 1995; 91: 691-697
- Comparison of the effects of losartan and enalapril on clinical status and exercise performance in patients with moderate or severe heart failure.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995; 26: 438-445
- Randomized trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (ELITE).Lancet. 1997; 349: 747-751
- Effects of losartan versus captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of the patients in the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study (ELITE II).J Card Fail. 1999; 5: 146-154
- Atlanta, GANovember 1999 Presentation at the American Heart Association 72nd Scientific Session,
- Effects of candesartan, enalapril, or their combinations on exercise capacity, ventricular function, clinical deterioration, and quality of life in heart failure: Randomized Evaluation of Strategies for Left Ventricular Dysfunction (RESOLVD).Circulation. 1997; 96 (abstract): 1-452
- A randomized trial evaluating tolerance to candesartan cilexitil in patients with congestive heart failure and intolerance to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999; 33 (Abstract): 189A
- Addition of angiotensin II receptor blockade to maximal angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition improves exercise capacity in patients with severe heart failure.Circulation. 1999; 99: 990-992
- Antiarrhythmic drug therapy and cardiac mortality in atrial fibrillation.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992; 20: 527-532
- Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo.in: The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. 8th edition. N Engl J Med. 324. 1991: 781-788
- Effect of d-sotalol on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after recent and remote myocardial infarction.Lancet. 1996; 348: 7-12
- Danish investigation of arrhythmia and mortality on dofetilide.Clin Cardiol. 1998; 21 (Abstract): 52-54
- Randomized trial of low-dose amiodarone in severe congestive heart failure.Lancet. 1994; 344: 493-498
- Amiodarone in patients with congestive heart failure and asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmia.N Engl J Med. 1995; 33: 77-82
- Randomized trial of effect of amiodarone on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after recent myocardial infarction.Lancet. 1997; 349: 667-674
- Randomized trial of outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with frequent or repetitive ventricular premature depolarizations.Lancet. 1997; 349: 675-682
- Effect of prophylactic amiodarone on mortality after acute myocardial infarction and in congestive heart failure: meta-analysis of individual data from 6,500 patients in randomized trials.Lancet. 1997; 350: 1417-1424
- Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia.N Engl J Med. 1996; 335: 1933-1940
- A comparison of antiarrhythmic drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias.N Engl J Med. 1997; 337: 1576-1583
- Secondary prevention of sudden death: The Dutch Study, the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillator Trial, the Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg, and the Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study.Am J Cardiol. 1999; 83 (suppl): 68D-73D
- Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II (MADITT II): design and clinical protocol.Ann Noninv Electrocardiol. 1999; 4: 83-91
- New primary prevention trials of sudden cardiac death in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: SCD-HEFT and MADIT-II.Am J Cardiol. 1999; 83 (suppl): 91D-97D
- Hormones and the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure: vasopression, aldosterone, and angiotensin II: further evidence for a renal adrenal interaction from studies of hypertension and cirrhosis.Circulation. 1962; 25: 1015-1022
- Relation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to clinical state in congestive heart failure.Circulation. 1981; 63: 645-651
- Chronic administration of aldosterone depresses baroreceptor reflex function in the dog.Hypertension. 1994; 24: 571-575
- Pathological hypertrophy and cardiac interstitium: fibrosis and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.Circulation. 1991; 83: 1849-1865
- Inverse relationship between aldosterone and large artery compliance in chronically treated heart failure patients.Eur Heart J. 1998; 19: 1371-1376
- Angiotensin-independent mechanism for aldosterone synthesis during chronic extracellular fluid volume depletion.J Clin Invest. 1997; 99: 855-860
- Aldosterone escape during angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor therapy in chronic heart failure.J Card Fail. 1996; 2: 47-54
- Effectiveness of spironolactone added to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a loop diuretic for severe chronic congestive heart failure.Am J Cardiol. 1996; 78: 902-907
- The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure.N Engl J Med. 1999; 341: 709-717
- Myocarditis: a histopathologic definition and classification.Am J Cardiovasc Pathol. 1987; 1: 3-14
- Active myocarditis in the spectrum of acute dilated cardiomyopathies: clinical features, histologic correlates, and clinical outcome.N Eng J Med. 1985; 312: 885-890
- Lymphocytic myocarditis presenting as unexplained ventricular arrhythmias: diagnosis with endomyocardial biopsy and response to immunosuppression.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1984; 4: 812-819
- Viral myocarditis mimicking acute myocardial infarction.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992; 20: 85-89
- Long-term outcome of patients with biopsy-proved myocarditis: comparison with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995; 26: 8-14
- Diagnosing and treating active myocarditis.West J Med. 1989; 150: 431-435
- Effects of immunosuppressive therapy in biopsy-proved myocarditis and borderline myocarditis on left ventricular function.Am J Cardiol. 1991; 68: 370-376
- A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of prednisone for dilated cardiomyopathy.N Eng J Med. 1989; 321: 1061-1068
- Recently diagnosed idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: incidence of myocarditis and efficacy of prednisone therapy.Am Heart J. 1989; 117: 876-881
- A clinical trial of immunosuppressive therapy for myocarditis.N Eng J Med. 1995; 333: 269-275
- Gamma-globulin treatment of acute myocarditis in the pediatric population.Circulation. 1994; 89: 252-257
- Intravenous immune globulin in the therapy of myocarditis and acute cardiomyopathy.Circulation. 1997; 95: 2476-2478
- Nomenclature and criteria for the diagnosis of the heart and great vessels.8th edition. Little Brown and Co, Boston, MA1979 (modified to add class IIIa and IIIb)
Article info
Footnotes
☆This document is available on the HFSA web site (www.hfsa.org).
Identification
Copyright
© 1999 Published by Elsevier Inc.