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Editorial Comment|Articles in Press

Leveraging biomarkers for precision medicine in heart failure

      Over the past decade, the number of therapies for heart failure (HF) with clinical trial evidence of benefit has multiplied. Physicians treating HF today are faced with the challenges of selecting and prioritizing among drugs to optimize therapy for each patient. The current paradigm centers around four first-line therapies—beta blockers, angiotensin-receptor-neprilysin inhibitors, mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonists and sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors—that showed the largest relative effects in broad patient populations (
      • Writing Committee M
      • Members AAJC.
      2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure.
      ). Therapies targeting nitric oxide (NO) signaling such as soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) stimulator vericiguat have also shown benefits in randomized trials (
      • Armstrong PW
      • Pieske B
      • Anstrom KJ
      • Ezekowitz J
      • Hernandez AF
      • Butler J
      • et al.
      Vericiguat in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction.
      ), but have not been included in first line HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) treatment recommendations. The current one-size-fits-all clinical guidelines for HF provide little direction on tailoring therapies to individual patients.
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