Most of evidences for pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapy for heart failure
are established in relatively younger patients. However, in our country, inhospital
patients are now over 80 years old in average according to the rapid aging demographics.
Especially, invasive therapy including implantable devices for heart failure needs
to be discussed for the indication in terms of cost and risk and benefit in such very
old patients. I will discuss in this session about the dilenmma of device therapy
on cardiac resynchronization therapy, implantable cardiac defibrillator, and left
ventricular assist device.
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