Frailty is a vulnerable state that is increasing the risk of disability and mortality
when exposed to a stressor. In patients with heart failure (HF), frailty is common,
and is attributable to worse their quality of life and prognosis. Thus, early detection
and intervention of frailty is indispensable for the management of patients with HF.
In non-cardiac surgery, reduced exercise torelance below 4 metabolic equivalents determine
the perioperative morbidity and mortality, which indicated that the comprehensive
perioperative assessment, including not only cardiac function, but also frailty, was
required for all cardiologists. However, despite the clinical significance of frailty,
the assessment and intervention for frail HF patients has not been established. Thus,
in this symposium, we discuss the comprehensive perioperative management of non-cardiac
surgery in frail HF patients.
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