Journal of Cardiac Failure
Volume 16, Issue 10 , Pages 806-811 , October 2010

Heart Rate Predicts Mortality in Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Systolic Function

  • John R. Kapoor, MD, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: John R. Kapoor, MD, PhD, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305.
  • ,
  • Paul A. Heidenreich, MD, MS

      Affiliations

    • Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
    • VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA

Received 19 November 2009 ,Revised 22 April 2010 ,Accepted 29 April 2010.

References 

  1. Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, Tendera M, Robertson M, Ferrari R. BEAUTIFUL investigators. Heart rate as a prognostic risk factor in patients with coronary artery disease and left-ventricular systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): a subgroup analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372:817–821
  2. Diaz A, Bourassa MG, Guertin MC, Tardif JC. Long-term prognostic value of resting heart rate in patients with suspected or proven coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:967–974
  3. Thomsen TF, Davidsen M, Ibsen H, Jorgensen T, Jensen G, Borch-Johnsen K. A new method for CHD prediction and prevention based on regional risk scores and randomized clinical trials: PRECARD and the Copenhagen Risk Score. J Cardiovasc Risk. 2001;8:291–297
  4. Conroy RM, Pyorala K, Fitzferald AP, et al. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:987–1003
  5. Smith SC, Allen J, Blair SN, et al. AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update. Circulation. 2006;113:2363–2372
  6. Liao L, Jollis JG, Anstrom KJ, et al. Costs for heart failure with normal vs reduced ejection fraction. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:112–118
  7. Fox K, Ferrari R, Tendera M, Steg PG, Ford I. Rationale and design of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ivabradine in patients with stable coronary artery disease and left ventricular systolic dysfunction: the morBidity-mortality EvAlUaTion of the I(f) inhibitor ivabradine in patients with coronary disease and left ventricULar dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL) study. Am Heart J. 2006;152:860–866
  8. Bangalore S, Messerli FH, Ou FS, Tamis-Holland J, Palazzo A, Roe MT, et al. for the CRUSADE Investigators The association of admission heart rate and in-hospital cardiovascular events in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: results from 135 164 patients in the CRUSADE quality improvement initiative. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:552–560
  9. Ferrari R, Rapezzi C, Lombardi F. The revival of heart rate. Eur Heart J Suppl. 1999;1(Suppl H):853–854
  10. Aronow WS, Starling L, Etienne F, D'Alba P, Edwards M, Lee NH, et al. Risk factors for coronary artery disease in persons older than 62 years in a long-term health care facility. Am J Cardiol. 1986;57:518–520
  11. Langer RD, Ganiats TG, Barrett-Connor E. Paradoxical survival of elderly men with high blood pressure. BMJ. 1989;298:1356–1357
  12. Staessen J, Amery A, Birkenhager W, et al. Is high serum cholesterol level associated with longer survival in elderly hypertensives?. J Hypertens. 1990;8:755–760
  13. Kjekshus JK. Importance of heart rate in determining beta-blocker efficacy in acute and long-term acute myocardial infarction intervention trials. Am J Cardiol. 1986;57:43F–49F
  14. Kjekshus J. Heart rate reduction-a mechanism of benefit?. Eur Heart J. 1987;8(Suppl. L):115–122
  15. Braunwald E. Expanding indications for beta-blockers in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1711–1712
  16. Packer M, Coats AJ, Fowler MB, Katus HA, Krum H, Mohacsi P, et al. Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival Study Group Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1651–1658
  17. Jouven X, Empana J-P, Schwartz PJ, Desnos M, Courbon D, Ducimetiere P. Heart-rate profile during exercise as a predictor of sudden death. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1951–1958
  18. Lee KL, Woodlief LH, Topol EJ, Weaver WD, Betriu A, Col J, et al. Predictors of 30-day mortality in the era of reperfusion for acute myocardial infarction: results from and international trial of 41,021 patients. Circulation. 1995;91:1659–1668
  19. HFSA guidelines for management of patients with heart failure caused by left ventricular systolic dysfunction–pharmacological approaches. Pharmacotherapy. 2000;20:495–522
  20. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, Feldman AM, Francis GS, et al. A guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult. Circulation. 2005;112:e154–e235
  21. Remme WJ, Swedberg K. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2001;22:1527–1560
  22. Gullestad L, Wikstrand J, Deedwania P, et al. What resting heart rate should one aim for when treating patients with heart failure with a beta-blocker? Experiences from the Metoprolol Controlled Release/Extended Release Randomized Intervention Trial in Chronic Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:252–259
  23. Komajda M, Follath F, Swedberg K, Cleland J, Aguilar JC, Cohen-Solal A, et al. The EuroHeart Failure Survey programme: a survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure in Europe. Part 2. Treatment. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:464–474
  24. Beere PA, Glagov S, Zarins CK. Retarding effect of lowered heart rate on coronary atherosclerosis. Science. 1984;226:180–182
  25. Beere PA, Glagov S, Zarins CK. Experimental atherosclerosis at the carotid bifurcation of the cynomolgus monkey: localization, compensatory enlargement, and the sparing effect of lowered heart rate. Arterioscler Thromb. 1992;12:1245–1253
  26. Heidland UE, Strauer BE. Left ventricular muscle mass and elevated heart rate are associated with coronary plaque disruption. Circulation. 2001;104:1477–1482
  27. Perski A, Olsson G, Landou C, et al. Minimum heart rate and coronary atherosclerosis: independent relations to global se verity and rate of progression of angiographic lesions in men with myocardial infarction at a young age. Am Heart J. 1992;123:609–616
  28. Hedblad B, Wikstrand J, Janzon L, Wedel H, Berglund G. Low-dose metoprolol CR/XL and fluvastatin slow progression of carotid intima-media thickness: main results from the Beta-Blocker Cholesterol-Lowering Asymptomatic Plaque Study (BCAPS). Circulation. 2001;103:1721–1726
  29. Festa A, D'Agostino R, Hales CN, Mykkanen L, Haffner SM. Heart rate in relation to insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in nondiabetic subjects. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:624–628
  30. Schwartz PJ, Priori SG. Sympathetic nervous system and cardiac arrhythmias. In:  Zipes DP,  Jalife J editor. Cardiac electrophysiology: from cell to bedside. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co; 1990;p. 330–343
  31. Hohnloser SH, Klingenheben T, van de Loo A, Hablawetz E, Just H, Schwartz PJ. Reflex versus tonic vagal activity as a prognostic parameter in patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. Circulation. 1994;89:1068–1073
  32. Nagatsu M, Spinale FG, Koide M, Tagawa H, DeFreitas G, Cooper G, et al. Bradycardia and the role of B-blockade in the amelioration of left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation. 2000;101:653–659
  33. Thackray SD, Ghosh JM, Wright GA, Witte KK, Nikitin NP, Kaye GC, et al. The effect of altering heart rate on ventricular function in patients with heart failure treated with B-blockers. Am Heart J. 2006;152:713.e9–713.e13

 Funded by the Chronic Heart Failure Quality Enhancement Research Initiative of the Veterans Administration.

 See page 811 for disclosure information.

PII: S1071-9164(10)00205-8

doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2010.04.013

Journal of Cardiac Failure
Volume 16, Issue 10 , Pages 806-811 , October 2010