Journal of Cardiac Failure
Volume 16, Issue 5 , Pages 369-373 , May 2010

The Sympathorenal Axis in Hypertension and Heart Failure

  • Steven R. Goldsmith, MD

      Affiliations

    • Cardiology Division, Hennepin County Medical Center and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Steven R. Goldsmith, MD, Hennepin County Medical Center, 701 Park Avenue So., Minneapolis, MN 55415. Tel: 612-873-2876; Fax: 612-904-4224
  • ,
  • Paul A. Sobotka, MD

      Affiliations

    • Research Division, Hennepin County Medical Center and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
  • ,
  • Bradley A. Bart, MD

      Affiliations

    • Cardiology Division, Hennepin County Medical Center and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN

Received 10 September 2009 ,Revised 10 December 2009 ,Accepted 30 December 2009.

References 

  1. Francis GS, Goldsmith SR, Levine TB, et al. The neurohumoral axis in congestive heart failure. Ann Intern Med. 1984;101:370–377
  2. DiBona GF, Kopp UC. Neural control of renal function. Physiol Rev. 1997;77:75–97
  3. DiBona GF. Neural control of the kidney: past, present, and future. Hypertension. 2003;41:621–624
  4. Bell-Reuss E, Trevino DL, Gottschalk CW. Effect of renal sympathetic nerve stimulation on proximal water and sodium reabsorption. J Clin Invest. 1976;57:1104–1107
  5. Zanchetti AS. Neural regulation of renin release: experimental evidence and clinical implications in arterial hypertension. Circulation. 1977;56:691–698
  6. Kirchheim H, Ehmke H, Persson P. Sympathetic modulation of renal hemodynamics, renin release and sodium excretion. Klin Wochenschr. 1989;67:858–864
  7. Shlipak MG, Massie BM. The clinical challenge of cardiorenal syndrome. Circulation. 2004;110:1514–1517
  8. Katholi RE, Hageman GR, Whitlow PL, et al. Hemodynamic and afferent renal nerve responses to intrarenal adenosine in the dog. Hypertension. 1983;5:I149–I154
  9. Campese VM, Kogosov E. Renal afferent denervation prevents hypertension in rats with chronic renal failure. Hypertension. 1995;25:878–882
  10. Converse RL, Jacobsen TN, Toto RD, et al. Sympathetic overactivity in patients with chronic renal failure. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:1912–1918
  11. Hausberg M, Kosch M, Harmelink P, et al. Sympathetic nerve activity in end-stage renal disease. Circulation. 2002;106:1974–1979
  12. Schlaich M, Krum H, Walton T, Lambert G, Sobotka P, Esler M. A novel catheter based approach to denervate the human kidney reduces blood pressure and muscle sympathetic nerve activity in a patient with end stage renal disease and hypertension. J Hypertension. 2009;27(Suppl 4):s437
  13. Zucker IH. Novel mechanisms of sympathetic regulation in chronic heart failure. Hypertension. 2006;48:1005–1011
  14. Triposkiadis F, Karayannis G, Giamouzis G, et al. The sympathetic nervous system in heart failure physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1747–1762
  15. DiBona GF. Sympathetic nervous system and the kidney in hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2002;11:197–200
  16. Katholi RE. Renal nerves and hypertension: an update. Fed Proc. 1985;44:2846–2850
  17. Katholi RE. Renal nerves in the pathogenesis of hypertension in experimental animals and humans. Am J Physiol. 1983;245:F1–14
  18. Gordon RD, Bachmann AW, Jackson RV, et al. Increased sympathetic activity in renovascular hypertension in man. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1982;9:277–281
  19. Morrissey DM, Brookes VS, Cooke WT. Sympathectomy in the treatment of hypertension; review of 122 cases. Lancet. 1953;1:403–408
  20. Smithwick RH, Thompson JE. Splanchnicectomy for essential hypertension; results in 1,266 cases. J Am Med Assoc. 1953;152:1501–1504
  21. Schlaich MP, Sobotka PA, Krum H, et al. Renal sympathetic nerve ablation for the treatment of uncontrolled hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2009;36:932–934
  22. Hasking GJ, Esler MD, Jennings GL, et al. Norepinephrine spillover to plasma in patients with congestive heart failure: evidence of increased overall and cardiorenal sympathetic nervous activity. Circulation. 1986;73:615–621
  23. Leimbach WN, Wallin BG, Victor RG, et al. Direct evidence from intraneural recordings for increased central sympathetic outflow in patients with heart failure. Circulation. 1986;73:913–919
  24. Levine TB, Francis GS, Goldsmith SR, et al. Activity of the sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin system assessed by plasma hormone levels and their relation to hemodynamic abnormalities in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 1982;49:1659–1666
  25. Cohn JN, Levine TB, Olivari MT, et al. Plasma norepinephrine as a guide to prognosis in pati.e., nts with chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1984;311:819–823
  26. Aggarwal A, Esler MD, Morris MJ, et al. Regional sympathetic effects of low-dose clonidine in heart failure. Hypertension. 2003;41:553–557
  27. Olivari MT, Levine TB, Cohn JN. Acute hemodynamic and hormonal effects of central vs. peripheral sympathetic inhibition in patients with congestive heart failure. J Cardiovasc Pharm. 1986;8:973–977
  28. Coats AJ. Heart Failure 99—the MOXCON story. Int J Cardiol. 1999;71:109–111
  29. Petersson M, Friberg P, Eisenhofer G, et al. Long-term outcome in relation to renal sympathetic activity in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:906–913
  30. Nozawa T, Igawa A, Fujii N, et al. Effects of long-term renal sympathetic denervation on heart failure after myocardial infarction in rats. Heart Vessels. 2002;16:51–56
  31. Francis GS, Siegel RM, Goldsmith SR, et al. Acute vasoconstrictor response to intravenous furosemide in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Activation of the neurohumoral axis. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103:1–6
  32. Thames MD. Acetylstrophanthidin-induced reflex inhibition of canine renal sympathetic nerve activity mediated by cardiac receptors with vagal afferents. Circ Res. 1979;44:8–15
  33. Ferguson DW, Berg WJ, Sanders JS, et al. Sympathoinhibitory responses to digitalis glycosides in heart failure patients. Direct evidence from sympathetic neural recordings. Circulation. 1989;80:65–77
  34. Gheorghiade M, Pang PS. Acute heart failure syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:557–573
  35. Krum H, Schlaich M, Whitbourn R, et al. Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation for resistant hypertension: a multicentre safety and proof-of-principle cohort study. Lancet 200;373:1275–1281.
  36. Illig KA, Levy M, Sanchez L, et al. An implantable carotid sinus stimulator for drug-resistant hypertension: surgical technique and short-term outcome from the multicenter phase II Rheos feasibility trial. J Vasc Surg. 2006;44:1213–1218
  37. Lohmeier TE, Hildebrandt DA, Warren S, et al. Recent insights into the interactions between the baroreflex and the kidneys in hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005;288:R828–R836
  38. Zucker IH, Hackley JF, Cornish KG, et al. Chronic baroreceptor activation enhances survival in dogs with pacing-induced heart failure. Hypertension. 2007;50:904–910

 See page 372 for disclosure information.

PII: S1071-9164(09)01242-1

doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2009.12.022

Journal of Cardiac Failure
Volume 16, Issue 5 , Pages 369-373 , May 2010